Ethnographic Methods

Examine the advantages and disadvantages of using ethnographic methods for sociological research I am going to look at the advantages and disadvantages of using ethnographic methods for sociological research. Ethnography is in-depth research into people’s lives through the use of primary data such as Observations and Interviews, and also secondary data such as diaries, and official documents. The first method of research I am going to look at is a primary research method that is unstructured interviews.There are a few advantages to unstructured interviews such as; if a researcher is going to conduct and unstructured interview then the participant is more likely to discuss sensitive information with them, this is because they may feel that the interviewer is sympathetic and understanding and so are more likely to open up towards them. Another advantage is that it allows people to explain their answers further if they need to, for example with questionnaires the person answering may not be able to explain why they put that answer, and so their point is not put across as they would like to have been.There are also some disadvantages to unstructured interviews such as it takes time and can cost a lot of money; although this method is very effective at finding out detailed information about a person and their life, it can take a lot of time to conduct an interview and even longer as it is unstructured so the interviewer can ask as many questions as they like; it could cost quite a lot as you might need to hire an office to do so, and if you need to interview a lot of people over a few days the cost could rise very quickly.Also interview bias is another disadvantage; this means that the interviewer can ask questions that can influence the answer, which then affects the outcome of the results. Interviewer bias can be illustrated through the use of leading questions for example â€Å"Do you get on well with your boss? † this question can make the intervie wee question their relationship with their boss, and subtly raises the prospect that maybe they don’t get on with their boss.Another method of primary research covert observation, this involves the researcher joining the group that they are studying, and in covert observation the researcher does not tell them or allow them to find out their true identity. There are some advantages to covert observation such as it has high validity, as the researcher gets first-hand information about the people they are studying.This is a major advantage to covert observation because if this was done by someone else it may not be on the exact same topic and so not all the information they need is there. Another advantage of this method is that it avoids the observer effect, which is that people change their behaviour when they know they are being observed, and this would not show a true reflection of what they are really like.Some disadvantages to covert observation is that the participants ar e unaware of the experiment and so this is an ethical issue, as some people may not have wanted to be a part of the experiment, and if they find out that they are they could try and sue the researcher. Another disadvantage of this method is that the researcher could become influenced by the group and when writing their findings down it could be in favour or prejudiced against the group.

Autobiography Example

You have just completed your 300-page autobiography. Please submit page 217. To be honest, I am a really a busy person. I usually stay late at work, and sometimes lose my time with my family because of work. However, there is one event that I always do two or three times in a year. I go to music concerts. Since I was young I always listened to music. I listened while studying, driving, getting ready to sleep. Music, especially the drums, has been my strength and friend all the time. The drumsticks, which have been my hands’ friends since I was in seventh grade, are still the friends of my 47 year old hands.Of course my old sticks from my young age have been broken and changed many times over, but I still consider my new sticks as the same sticks I used to have when I was young. It is rather unusual for people to think that I love playing drums because my job is not a part time job or a freelance, and that they think of me as a reticent, a perceptive, and a sensitive person who only cares about his work. Nine years ago, I organized a band, and since then our band have concerts annually. Of course the proceeds of our concert are not for our own profit making.We have our concerts to help other people through the sales of tickets and donations. I know that I can donate money personally, but I wanted to help others by doing things I enjoy and entertain other people. The audiences know that they not only enjoyed the concert, but also have contributed in aiding the needy. Our band consists of seven people each with diverse jobs; CEO, doctor, engineer, composer. Each member has successful work and is recognized in society, and even has busier lives than mine.We gather together, brought about by sympathy for the underprivileged, and the love for music, reason and freedom, even though we work in different areas. Music does not restrict and discriminate age, position, or appearance. We just enjoy the music with our hearts to forget any problems on our shoulders. We first started the band just to dissolve our stress from work and life, and as time went by, it has expanded. We are now having concerts every year. Even though we are not professional musicians, many people, friends, family, have enjoyed our music for years and come and enjoy the concert.It seems that the audiences share our goals. They also get out the burdens of life and work, to just enjoy. The applause I hear from the stage while I shout, jump, and swing the sticks feels different from the greetings I receive at the hallway at work. I sometimes get very excited as if I was an idol star. Even though I think of myself as a professional drummer once in a while, I am really a businessman deep down. I love my job that and have never regretted my decision for it. I hear about people who chose their careers on the basis of success are the ones that regret their lives.It is different for me. Even though I chose my job to be successful; wealthy and reputable, I truly love my job and do my best. However, I have stacks of documents to go through, phone calls ringing every ten minutes, reprimands from the boss, and the room without windows can sometimes make me stressful and not efficient in work. During those times I grab my drum sticks bag from the third drawer of my desk, and walk out of my office, to head for the studio to swing my stresses away on the drum.

Behaviour and experience which in nearly all situation affects Essay

The studies carried out by Milgram, Piliavin, Haney and Gardner & Gardner, have unearthed some very important as well as surprising details about human behaviour and experience which in nearly all situation affects it. This question looks at the various forms of human behaviour, which make us what we are and also looks at ‘experience’, something we all seem to rely on heavily. Firstly, in Milgram’s study of obedience, it was found that under pressure or authority we sometimes do what we normally would not have done, therefore showing that others influence our behaviour, particularly those who we think are more superior to us. â€Å"Carry on †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å", one of the main prods the experimenter used on the teacher to make the teacher carry on with the shock treatment. This shows that not only the presence of some authority figure, but also what they do and say can influence human behaviour. One of the reasons, which make us think that a person is superior to us, is because we think of the experience he/she has in that particular field or area. Because of this we assume that they are superior to us and that what they tell is the only option we can follow. Of course this is not always the case. Hitler did have some men in his army who did not follow his instructions and did try and betray him, but the majority of his army did do as he commanded. The effect of an authority on human behaviour is demonstrated clearly in Milgram’s study as the ‘teachers’ ask the so called experimenters, who they think are an authority over them, whether or not they should continue giving shock treatment to the subjects and they also turn to them for support and advice during a very tough emotional and moral battle that they are fighting within themselves. Therefore we turn to people who we think have more experience than us and our decisions are affected by what others say and do, especially those who we see as an authority above us. Similarly, in Pilavin’s study, human behaviour when helping people revolves particularly around three main factors. These are: Cost Reward Analysis, Plurastic ignorance and the emotional arousal. It was discovered in the experiment that people only went to help if the situation appealed to them and if they thought it was serious enough to help. This resulted in the drunk getting less help than the cane victims. Also people used the cost reward analysis before helping. This in simplified terms means the advantages and disadvantages of helping and also the advantages and disadvantages of not helping. This shows another part of the human behavioural patterns. Another, which can be added to this, is that of plurastic ignorance, which means that people do not know what to do, and therefore look at others near them and assess the genuineness based on what they do. Therefore if most people would not help, neither would that person. Also another reasons for humans not helping during certain situation is because of the Diffusion of Responsibility which means that the more people we see around us, the less we help out as we think that someone else will do so. There is also emphasis on ‘experience’ in the experiment as it can once again have effect on human behaviour. In this particular experiment if passengers on the train had themselves been a victim (i. e.  cane victim, or drunk), or even if they had helped others before, it will most probably have an effect on their behaviour. Those people, who got help from others when they themselves were victims, might help out, whereas those who got no help when in a similar situation might not help. Also if a person has helped before and had not had the best of times helping, may decide to stay away from he incident this time around. Zimbardo’s Prison Stimulation experiment was another experiment during which human behaviour and experience paid an important role. It was thought that prison life would have an effect on the behaviour of the prisoners as well as that of the guards. It was discovered that prisoners started to behave in degrading ways because of them being trapped in a prison environment and also because they always had to follow orders from the guards and also because of the fact that they had no choice in the matter. Similarly the guards started to behave in cruel ways once they knew that they were powerful. They then started to punish guards whenever they felt like it. Zimbardo’s experiment proves the fact that when we have power and are see as an authority figure by others, our behaviour changes drastically and we become on some occasion very unfair and cruel to those below us. Experience once again can affect behaviour. This is because those who have been in a prison before will feel that it is not that bad as they have been there before and know what to expect whereas those who haven’t been before find it as a shock. Those who have been in prison before may behave in a more civilised manner than others who haven’t. Finally, the experiment carried out by Gardner and Gardner did not really uncover anything about human behaviour apart from the fact that language is something we are innately programmed to do. In this experiment a chimp named ‘Washoe’ was taught ASL(American Sign Language), but even after 4 years of training, only 132 signs were learnt. In comparison with that human children learn much more as they grow older, therefore showing that humans are innately programmed to do so. It also shows that we have a much more complex form of communication which animals like chimps cannot learn. Experience is again a relative feature in this experiment. The experiment shows that with adequate experience even animals can learn features of our communication, therefore if they were to continue to be taught for many hundred of years they too may be able to communicate in the complex form that we are now able to communicate in. Therefore all these various studies show a close relationship between experience and our behaviour.

Trade Dispute between China and the U.S Research Proposal

Trade Dispute between China and the U.S - Research Proposal Example According to Morrison, the U.S. has employed protection of its energy manufacturing firms so that they can spearhead the production of energy (15). This has been executed by the use of subsidies to all firms producing energy in the country. For instance, U.S. President Obama favors the initiation of tax treatment for wind power and solar power as well as an increase in the expenditure of the federal government on the energy sources. The U.S. government has also set aside $50 billion as loans to firms producing nuclear power.  According to Morrison, the U.S. has employed protection of its energy manufacturing firms so that they can spearhead the production of energy (15). This has been executed by the use of subsidies to all firms producing energy in the country. For instance, U.S. President Obama favors the initiation of tax treatment for wind power and solar power as well as an increase in the expenditure of the federal government on the energy sources. The U.S. government has als o set aside $50 billion as loans to firms producing nuclear power.  The U.S. president also seeks to increase the electricity produced from cleaner sources twice by 2035. Such a policy would manipulate the energy markets. Therefore, the U.S. has clear cut goals regarding an increase of clean energy while letting utilities achieve them.  On its part, China has also undertaken various measures toward the manufacture of clean energy. China’s rapid economic growth was fueled by the decision made by the leadership of the country to embrace a capitalist approach to the growth of the economy. This leadership also adapted economic policies that opened up China to foreign investments and implemented free-market reforms in 1979 thereby making it a major global economic and trade power (Morrison 1). Despite its growth, China enforced methods and policies on its people to bolster and maintain the economic growth bordered on dictatorship. Changes in policy and property ownership right s made the Chinese people lose their properties and investments. Economic reforms made much Chinese change their jobs and habitual lifestyles. Redistribution of land to poor peasants and prioritization of agriculture stabilized the agricultural production making it possible for the country to feed its whole population (Thomas 23). The Chinese government owns and controls major industrial and economic sectors in areas such as transport, communication, energy and financial services (Thomas 26). The government regulates the economy by gearing its reforms towards higher productivity, better living standards and exemplary technological quality without aggravating joblessness or inflation.  

Compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Compensation - Essay Example Each company in every industry across all countries has accountants who similarly have the same qualifications and skills with all the other accountants and thus, accounting is one example of a benchmark job. Once an individual is able to afford all the basic needs then the attainment of these needs seizes to become a motivating factor. However, the individual can become motivated again if he or she focuses on achieving other higher needs such as safety or social needs. If a school administrator sets a target for teacher to achieve for example to ensure that more than 50% of the students achieve grade B and above, if the teacher achieves this target he or she will receive an extra pay that is known as merit pay. According to the writings by (Milkovich, 450-700), broad banding is described as a practice whereby the human resource categories different jobs in ‘bands’ based on a broader classification such responsibilities and skill requirements. Broad banding eliminates small grouping of jobs, which usually result in many jobs groups. (Milkovich, 450-700), noted that among the key advantages of broad banding is that it reduces rivalry between employees in an organisation since it eliminates the emphasis on hierarchy or status within the organisation. Secondly, broad banding is advantageous to an organization because it makes the payment structure to be more flexible and responsive to the vary needs of the evolving environment. (Milkovich, 450-700) stated that it is not possible for certain organisations or countries to adopt the practice of broad banding, this is especially if the organisation or countries gives much regards to status or titles because of social factors and either the country or organization prefers the use of well defined procedures and policies. However, the practice can easily be adopted in organizations that are much flexible and prefer cross or lateral

Human Resources Policies and Management Research Paper

Human Resources Policies and Management - Research Paper Example The problem, however, is that most MNCs still view the two factors as competing and therefore end up sacrificing one for the other instead of using one to enhance the other. Investigations into the HR policies of American MNCs like GE have shown that most of them are still caught up between using systems and going with people (Brewster, Wood, and Brookes, 2008:329). As a result, they suppress one – most often people – and create systems that end up failing due to poor staff development in regional units. Based on past and current research, it is safe to infer that MNCs should approach glocalisation with seriousness because it is a major challenge. The process is time and labour intensive, and a majority of MNCs are still not ready to plunge in the uncertain area of replication. More studies show that MNCs should take their time to plan the whole process discretely because the concept tends to be different from the practical aspect of it. HR experts argue that while some HR policies are not fit across different regions, some are (Kaynak and Fulmer, 2013:23). If successfully replicated, they can help exploit economies of scope and scale – providing uniform platforms, increased knowledge sharing among staff, informal beliefs and lower redundancies. An example of such practices is official job orientation for new workers or salary surveys employed in determining external equity. Although they may need to be adapted to suit each culture, such policies are a replication of a particular practice if the central principles are still applied.

The Creative Class; Importance of Economic Development and Planning Research Paper

The Creative Class; Importance of Economic Development and Planning - Research Paper Example Pondering over the market strategies adopted by this class, the paper also institutes the notions of the creative class namely brain drain and brain gain. In short, the paper, quoting examples, determines the validity of the claim that the creative class is mandatory for economic planning and development. Over the last few centuries, the world has prospered in many ways. The advancement in science and technology is responsible for all the development that has taken place across the globe. However, despite the era of technology and enlightenment, there are certain things that remain the same. One such thing in the social structure of an economy is the class. (Bonanni, 2004) The term ‘class’ is a very interesting one as it is often used to refer to a group of individuals who possess the economic influence and leverage over a certain number of people. Class, still being a part of the social structure, is a huge determinant of economic planning and development. In fact the last decade has seen a lot of theoretical work on the effect of a certain class on the development of a particular market in an economy. In the past decade, most analysts have pondered over the relationship of creativity (more appropriately the creative class) and economic development. (Atkinson, 2009) For most commentators, the explanation of economic development through the concept of creativity is a tired formula which does not really help achieve any appropriate results. (Peck, 2005) For others however, the idea of an economy that is based on skills and services is a creative one, an idea that has affected the ground rules for achieving economic development. This in tur n has affected how many cities and urban centres (that are economic hubs) have sought to manage their economic policies with a special focus on the arts, culture and other place based characteristics in order to make the cities a better place to live

Depression in Older adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Depression in Older adults - Essay Example A variety of tools or methods that are used to assess depression within older adult will also be presented and discussed. Some of the relevant evidenced-based nursing strategies that have been utilized to address depression within the older adult population will also be presented and discussed. The last section will comprise the summary of key points that will be discussed. Depression in older adult population has generated a massive attention. The attention has arisen due to the underlying effects in the older adult population. Although depression is prevalent in the age group, it is not a formal part of aging (Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). Rather, it is a medical problem tat affects many older adults, and it is possible to eliminate it through proper treatment. However, the problem needs to attract proper attention due to lack of recognition and effective treatment in older adults. On the other hand, it is essential to describe some of the common types of depression affecting older adult’s population. There are three common types of depression. They include major depression, minor depression, and dysthymia (Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). The major depression is characterized by lack of proper sleep, inability to eat, and lacks enjoyment in pleasurable activities (Department of Health and Human Services, 2011) . The main symptoms of depression include depressed mood, loss of interest, disturbed sleep, weight loss, fatigue, and restlessness. On the other hand, minor depression does not have severe symptoms as other depression. It is usually characterized by depressed mood and loss of interest (Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). The other type of common depression is dysthymia and is characterized by long-term, chronic symptoms that act as a hindrance to normal adult functions (Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). The condition is characterized by persistent negative perspective and low mood. The

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 105

Summary - Essay Example as an agent of black culture was unquestioned, being rejected by the people he represented, at time when they were required to be struggling for each other, was a rejection while being in the minority (Adelt, 2010, 13). Remarkably, this is what brought his feelings of being black twice. This photograph is one of a black man in a sea of white rock and roll fans. Although this combination of audience was one B. B. King was not accustomed to and one that he was not comfortable with, the photograph shows him greeting the fans showing that he was appreciative of the opportunities that presented themselves. The photograph on page 25 is the B. B. King’s â€Å"Indianola Mississippi Seeds† album cover. The cover photograph was of a watermelon curved out in the shape of a guitar placed in from of an old amplifier. At a time where there were still purist in the music industry, the photograph expressed the need to remain true and the guitar gave a clear rock reference. This image is not fixed to any racial construct. Post WW II Germans and Europe at large had a respect for jazz and blues and American artist found a growing audience. This was revealed by the shift in the racial construct of blues and what they represented, restriction. The American Folk Blues Festival brought Memphis Slim and other African American blues performance to both Germany and other European countries (Adelt, 2010, 78). This was an attempt at modernizing Germans with African American blues. This was a noble cause however, they were not fully prepared to accept an art form that had primarily been performed black to a black audience and were not yet ready to accept a primitive form of art while wanting to be modern. This complicated dialogues of racism in that in rejecting the blues, which served as an anti-racist strategy they, we in fact being ignorant and rejecting the artist that sang the music, which could be viewed as a form of prejudice or ignorance of the things that transpired among

The Uss maine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Uss maine - Essay Example This war hysteria would ultimately lead to the Spanish-American war. This paper investigates the cause of the blast and rebuts the myth that Spain was responsible for the blast. The huge uproar which resulted after the sinking of the Maine resulted in an investigation by the United States into the cause of the explosion. The US navy conducted an initial investigation using accounts of survivors. It was concluded that the forward six inch ammunition magazines had exploded which caused the blast. However there was a dispute as to what caused the magazines to explode. There have been four major investigations since the blast. The investigations have led to two conclusions. One is that a mine floating in the Havana harbor exploded beneath the USS Maine. The other conclusion is that coal inside the ship spontaneously burned causing a fire which led to the nearby magazines exploding. The cause of the explosion of the magazines remains disputed to this day (Duncan, 58). Each of the investigation concludes that explosion of magazines was the cause of the destruction of the USS Maine. However there is dispute regarding what caused the magazines to explode. Spain was accused of planting a mine in order to prevent the United States from intervening in Cuba. Further speculation is that insurgents in Cuba used the mine in order to ensure that the United States would intervene in Cuba. There is lack of documentation or testimony to prove this accusation. All of the witnesses heard two explosions. This had led to speculation to the existence of an external mine as the cause of the blast. They believe that something besides the magazine exploded which could probably be a mine. However there are problems with this theory. Dead fish were not found in the aftermath of the explosion. A mine explosion would have caused the deaths of fish in the waters. There were no reports of dead fish floating on the harbor. Another problem with this theory

History of the olympic games Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History of the olympic games - Term Paper Example These activities later improved. Since at that time, man had little knowledge of other activities the survival skills therefore created entertainment activities. They would wrestle to determine who is strongest in the community and they would be chosen as leaders because of their strength. Division of the small societies due to disagreement created the need for improvement of these skills. To prevent fights between these communities Heracles created peaceful sports. Olympic Games founder was the son of Zeus. Dedication of these games was to the Olympian gods and staged at the ancient plains of Olympia. Herakles initiated the Olympic Games so as to reunite warring nations. Individuals who would be caught with weapons at Olympia would fall under Zeus’s wrath. Soldiers and may others joined this noble cause. Sport then became competitive with awards given to winners with acknowledgment of their families. This created interest and desire as many athletes used this to uplift their families’ names. The games were every four years, in a span called the Olympiad. There were no rules in this games and most focused on proving masculinity. Athletes competed as individuals. Cheating was not part of the game, and those caught cheating fined heavily, and the money used to build the Zanes; statues of Zeus. Games in this period concentrated only on single races. A naked runner Coroebus who was a runner from Elis won the Stade; a run of approximately 192 meters which by then was the only event in the Olympics. After the stade run, different sports came into existence including the Hoplitodrome. This was a footrace while the athletes wore their full armor. Another sport was the pentathlon which like the name suggests the athletes competed in different sports during the same event, these included wrestling, jumping, discus, sprinting and, javelin. A

General Translation Theories Essay Example for Free

General Translation Theories Essay While not everyone who drives an automobile needs to understand the theory behind the internal combustion engine, someone does need to know this theory. I may be able to drive my Pontiac without any knowledge of internal combustion engines, until the Pontiac breaks down. Then, I must find someone (presumably a mechanic) who does in fact know enough theory to get the Pontiac running again. The same is true of translation theory. It is not necessary for everyone to know translation theory, nor is it even necessary for pastors and teachers to know everything about translation theory. It is necessary for pastors and teachers in the American church at the end of the twentieth century to know something about translation theory, for two reasons. First, it will affect the way we interpret the Bible for our people. If we are completely unaware of translation theory, we may unwittingly mislead our brothers and sisters in our interpretation. Second, there are so many English translations available, that no contemporary pastor will be able to escape the inevitable questions about which translations are superior. It is not my intention to provide anything like an exhaustive approach to either translation theory or semantic theory (relax, Ill define this word later). Rather, I intend to discuss briefly the more important observations, which may be useful to the pastoral ministry. 1. Communication has three parties. Translation theory shares a number of concerns with what is commonly called communication theory. Perhaps the most important observation which the communication theorists have produced for translators is the recognition that every act of communication has three dimensions: Speaker (or author), Message, and Audience. The more we can know about the original author, the actual message produced by that author, and the original audience, the better acquainted we will be with that particular act of communication. An awareness of this tri-partite character of communication can be very useful for interpreters. Assuming that an act of communication is right now taking place, as you read what I wrote, there are three dimensions to this particular act of communication: myself, and what I am intending to communicate; the actual words which are on this page; and what you  understand me to be saying. When the three dimensions converge, the communication has been efficient. If we know, perhaps from another source, what an individual authors circumstances are, this may help us understand the actual message produced. Martin Luther King, Jr. s Letters from Prison are better understood by someone who knows the circumstances under which they were written rather than by someone who is oblivious to mid-20th century American history. If we know information about the authors audience, this may also help us to understand the message itself. John Kennedys famous, Ich bin ein Berliner speech is better understood if one understands the apprehensions which many West German citizens had about American foreign policy during the early 1960s (and, knowing the audience was German may help explain why he did not speak this sentence in English! ). Recognizing that in addition to the message itself, there are the two other components of author and audience, the interpreter attempts to uncover as much information as possible about the author and audience. This is why biblical scholars spend so much time attempting to locate the circumstances of a given epistle; they are trying to discover information about author and audience, which will help complete the understanding of the particular act of communication represented by the message. At this point, an important warning needs to be expressed. For students of literature whose original audience and author are not present (i. e. , dead), we only have direct access to one of the three parties in the communicative process: the message itself. Whereas we would be profited by having direct access to author and audience (Paul, what in the world did you mean about baptizing for the dead? ; or, How did it hit you Galatians when Paul said he wished his troublers would castrate themselves? ), it would be incorrect to suggest that we must have such access for any understanding to take place. Frequently one encounters the extravagant statement to the effect that one cannot understand a biblical book unless one understands the authors (or audiences) circumstances. The problem with such statements is that they imply that we can have no understanding without access to information which simply does not always exist. We havent any idea who wrote the epistle to the Hebrews, or why, other than what may be indicated in the letter itself. Does this mean that we cant understand it in any sense? I think not. We just have to recognize that information, which would assist the act of interpretation, is, in this case, missing. Related to this warning is a second. For Protestants, scripture itself is authoritative. Our reconstructions, often highly conjectural of the historical circumstances under which a given biblical work was written and read, are not authoritative, by my understanding of Protestant theology. Those reconstructions may assist our understanding of the biblical text, but they are not, in and of themselves, of any religious authority. Finally, we might add that the essential error of many exegetical theories is their exclusion of one or more of these three parties from consideration. While many important debates are continuing to influence interpretive theory, our evaluation of these debates would do well to retain a role for each of the three above-mentioned dimensions. 2. Formal and Dynamic Equivalence One of the ongoing debates about translations revolves around the question of whether, and in what degree, the translation should reflect the syntax, or form, of the original language. All translators agree that the translation should reflect faithfully the message of the original, but all are not agreed on whether the translation should adhere closely to the grammatical forms of the original language. Translations can be located on a spectrum, which would have, at one extreme, rigid adherence to the form of the original language (formal equivalence), and at the other extreme, complete disregard for the form (not the message) of the original language (dynamic equivalence). An interlinear would come the closest to the first extreme, followed by the NASB. At the other extreme would be the NEB and TEV. In between would be the RSV and NIV, with the RSV leaning more toward a formal equivalence, and the NIV leaning more toward a dynamic equivalence. It is probably fair to say that most contemporary linguists favor the dynamic equivalence approach in theory, though they might be disappointed in the various attempts at producing one. The reason for preferring to reproduce the thought of the original without attempting to conform to its form is that all languages have their own syntax. While the syntax of one language may be similar to the syntax of other languages, it is also dissimilar as well. Thus, if we attempt to adhere to the formal syntax of another language, we reproduce forms which are abnormal or confusing, if not downright distracting in the target language. For example, Greek tends to have very long sentences, whose various clauses are arranged in a logically hierarchical fashion. That is, there will be a number of dependent clauses connected to an independent clause. This type of sentence structure, perfectly normal in Greek, is called hypotactic (clauses are arranged logically under one another). English, by contrast, is not so comfortable with long sentences, and does not provide any easy way of indicating which clauses are dependent upon others. Our sentence structure is called paratactic (clauses are arranged logically alongside of one another). If we attempt to reproduce, in English, sentences of the same length as the Greek original, our audience will not be able to follow our translation. Ephesians 1:3-14, for instance, is one sentence in Greek, with well-defined subordinate clauses. If we attempt to reproduce a sentence of this length in English, the result will be so awkward that few, if any, English readers would be able to follow it. Consequently, translators must break the longer Greek sentences into shorter English sentences. For the pastor and teacher, it is important to be able to recognize the hypotactic structure of the original language, because it is frequently of theological and ethical significance. For instance, there is only one imperative (independent clause) in the Great Commission make disciples. All the other verbs are dependent. The other clauses help to describe what the commandment means. Most English translations, however, obscure this matter by translating the Great Commission as though it were a string of equivalent imperatives. Whats worse, they tend to treat one of the dependent clauses as though it were the major (independent) clause (Go). So the teacher or pastor needs to be able to understand what is going on in the structure of the original language, without necessarily trying to reproduce it in an English translation. There are other differences between the two languages. Greek typically uses passive verbs; English prefers active verbs. Greek typically makes nouns out of verbs (making redemption as common as redeem). Speakers of English are not as comfortable with these abstractions; we are happier with verbs. A dynamic equivalence translation will commonly reproduce the meaning of the Greek in a more natural manner in English. In 2 Thess 2:13, for instance, pistei aletheias, is translated belief in the truth (formal equivalence) by the RSV, but the truth that you believe (dynamic equivalence) by the NEB. The latter, while not any more accurate than the former, is a little more natural, and thus more easily understood. A classic example of the difference between English and Greek syntax is evidenced by the difference in their respective employment of the participle. First, the Greek participle is much more common than the English. But the Greek participle is also used differently than the English participle. Greek commonly employs the participle in an attributive fashion, as a verbal adjective. This is very rare in English. James Taylor does sing about the The Walking Man, but this is rare outside of artistic expression. We would normally produce a relative clause, the man who walks. Because of the differences in the way the two languages use their respective participles, we simply cannot translate a Greek participle with an English participle in many cases, without being obscure or ambiguous. Dikaiothentes in Romans 5:1 should not be translated, having been justified (NASB: formal equivalence), but, since we are justified (RSV: dynamic equivalence). There are problems, however, with dynamic equivalence translations. Since the translator is freer from the grammatical forms of the original language he is more likely to exceed the bounds of an accurate translation, in an effort to speak naturally in the native language. That is, the dynamic equivalence translations are capable of being more natural and more precise than are formal equivalence translations, but they are also more capable of being precisely wrong. For instance, in Romans 8:3, Paul uses the phrase: dia tes sarkos. A formal equivalent translation, the RSV, renders this by the flesh, which is faithful to the original but somewhat ambiguous in English. The NIV renders this much more precisely, by the phrase, by the sinful nature. Unfortunately, the NIV is precisely wrong here, because Paul is not talking about a lower nature, or a sinful nature at all. In fact, he is not speaking anthropologically, but redemptive-historically. In this particular case, I believe we would be better off with the ambiguous flesh, and have to ask what, flesh means for Paul, than to have the more precise but utterly un-Pauline sinful nature. Another problem associated with dynamic equivalence translations is related to their use as study Bibles. Since a given word may have a number of meanings, it is frequently impossible, and more frequently confusing, to attempt to translate a given Greek word with the same English word in every case. Consequently, the dynamic equivalence translation can give a more specific rendering in English, being unbound by an attempt to reproduce the same Greek word in the same English manner. This produces better understanding, frequently, of individual sentences or clauses. However, it does not permit the English reader to know when the same Greek word lay behind two different English words. Since the only way to know what a word means is by first examining its full range of uses, there is no way for the English reader to know what words are behind the English words found. For instance, when Paul says he could not address the Corinthians as pneumatikoi, but rather as sarkinoi (1 Cor 3), he employs the adjectival forms of what we normally translate Spirit and flesh. And, in Romans 8 (as well as elsewhere), it is clear that life in the Spirit is redeemed life; whereas life in the flesh is unredeemed life. If the adjectives in 1 Cor are translated spiritual, and fleshly, the reader can see the correspondence to other Pauline passages, and understand that Paul is saying, in effect, I could not address you as redeemed people, but as unredeemed people. But the NIV construes sarx as sinful nature in Rom 8, and sarkinos as worldly in 1 Cor 3, with the result that the reader of this translation is not aware that in the original the same root form was employed. The conclusion of this is that the dynamic equivalence translation, when done well, renders in more precise and more vivid English particular expressions. However, it makes it more difficult to compare individual passages with parallel passages elsewhere. In any given congregation, a variety of translations will be present. The teachers in the church must have the competence to discern which one represents the original most accurately in English in any circumstance. In my judgment, none of the contemporary translations is manifestly superior to the others. Each is a blend of strengths and weaknesses, due to the difficulty of the task. From the pulpit, of course, some versions can be excluded rather easily. Paraphrases, while useful to illustrate a point, should never be used as the basic sermon text, because they reflect so thoroughly the opinions of the paraphraser. Also, childrens Bibles, such as the Good News, and, to a lesser degree, the NIV should not be used as the basis of a sermon directed toward the entire congregation. The NASB should not be used, simply because its English is atrocious. Its rigid adherence to the formal equivalence principle, while making it highly useful in the study, renders it completely inappropriate in a setting where communication is important. The NIV should not be used from the pulpit, in my judgment, because it is a sectarian translation. It is a self-confessedly evangelical translation, which excluded non-evangelicals from the translation process. It is therefore ecclesiastically unacceptable (it excludes from the outset people who dont call themselves evangelical, just as the Kingdom Translation excludes people who dont call themselves Jehovahs Witnesses). In fact, even for study purposes, one will have to be cautious about the evangelical bias reflected in this translation, whereby the weaknesses, as well as the strengths, of evangelicalism have not been offset by a more inclusive committee. Specifically, the NIV shows many signs of being individualistic, experientialist, and revivalistic (I am speaking about the NIV New Testament; I havent evaluated the NIV Old Testament thoroughly yet). At the same time, the NIV ought to be in the ministers study because it is a good illustration of the demands of a dynamic equivalence translation, and it is also very successful at many points. The RSV, reflecting the breadth of the church, a high style of English, and a reasonably accurate representation of the original text, is perhaps the preferred text for pulpit use. 3.  Translation is a theological task It has become increasingly clear that translation cannot really be performed in a theological vacuum. When a variety of linguistic options present themselves, theological factors can influence the decision to choose one option over the other. In fact, such factors should influence the translation. The resolution of the translation question about how to translate telos in Romans 10:4 is resolved in large part by resolving larger questions about Pauls theology; how he understands the relation between the older testament and the Christ event, etc. Since theology is to be determined by the Bible, and since translating the Bible is determined, at least in part, by theological considerations, it is easy to see that there is something of a circle here. Fortunately, it is not a vicious cycle, because if one is willing to entertain sympathetically a variety of options, one can grow in the confidence with which one evaluates a given translation. One must never pretend, however, that translation is a step of pre-exegesis or pre-interpretation. The first step of interpretation is  translation. This step will influence all other steps, so it must be approached with the entire arsenal of theological tools. Semantic Theory It is appropriate now to move to some consideration of dealing with the meaning of individual words (commonly called lexical semantics). A lexicon in the hands of an over-imaginative preacher may be the deadliest of all human instruments. In terms of sheer percentages, more pulpit nonsense may be attributable to a misunderstanding of how words communicate meaning than any other interpretive error. Since the technical study of linguistics began in the early nineteenth century, a number of very valuable insights have been discovered by the linguists. What follows is an attempt at providing some of their most useful insights for those who want to teach and preach faithfully. 1. Semantic Field and Context Most words can mean a number of things. Take the English word, run. It can appear in the following (and many more) contexts: The athlete is running. Her nose is running. We scored a run in the sixth inning. I have a run in my stocking. Does your car run? My computer runs on Windows. For how long is the movie running? You want to run that by me again? His sermons seem to run on forever. Shes running the flag up the pole. Jackson is running for President. Who left the water running? Enough, already. It is obvious that most words can mean a number of different things. How do we know what a word means in a given circumstance? Well, we dont just choose the one we prefer. In fact there are two components to meaning: semantic field and semantic context. By semantic field, we mean the full range of ways the word has and can be used (an example is the above, partial semantic field for run). By examining the field of possible meanings, we begin to narrow the options. Normally, there are still too many options, so we have to take another step. The second step is to determine the semantic context. If run, for instance, can refer to rapid, bipedal locomotion in some contexts, we can eliminate that option in contexts where there are no legs or feet. If run can mean flow, or drip, it is a possible way of understanding it where noses and faucets appear, but not where liquids do not appear. In everyday speech, we do this kind of comparison to semantic context so rapidly and unreflectively that we are not normally aware of doing it. But we do it nevertheless, and normally with great accuracy. It is imperative that we do this with biblical literature as well. No word brings its full semantic field with it into any given context. Yet many fanciful pulpit statements are due to the attempt to do this very thing. 2. Root Meanings Many people speak of root meanings. Many people speak of ghosts. Neither exists. Apparently, when people speak of root meanings of words, they are attempting to find the distilled essence, or the common semantic range of the word in each of its contexts. This may, by dumb luck, work in some circumstances, but it wont work in most. What common root meaning is there in the word run which can account for the variety of uses listed above? Is it motion? Perhaps, for the athlete, the flag, even the nose (which doesnt move itself, but its contents do). But is there any motion involved in the statement that a person is running for an office? Is any motion taking place when a movie runs for six weeks? Is a run in a stocking a movement of some sort? I fail to see how there is, without redefining the word motion to include virtually everything. And if we do this, then we arent learning anything specific about the term in question (This is the practical deficiency of the Componential Analysis approach to Semantics; if one finds an element common enough to be related to all the various uses, it isnt specific enough to be any real help in any given context). In actual fact, we dont really know why people use terms in such a broad range of ways as they do. But the answer certainly doesnt lie in the fact of some alleged root meaning, common to all uses. Thus, for interpretations sake, it is better not to speak of root meanings at all. Just look at the entire semantic field, and then limit that field by the contextual considerations. This doesnt mean that there are no similarities in the variety of a terms uses. If we return to run, we can determine several sub-fields. We can see run used of liquids, to indicate they are flowing. We can see run used with machines to indicate that they are operating as they should. We can see it used in reference to putting one foot ahead of another repeatedly, in rapid succession, which would embrace the athlete, and, by extension, the runs in a baseball game (which are a short-hand reference to someone running around the bases). But these fields do not appear to be related to each other, and worse, these fields do not account for the stocking or the flag. Perhaps we ought to just bring root meanings out once a year, on October 31st, and then put them back for the rest of the year. 3. Etymologies and Semantic Change Etymology is a perfectly valid field of study. Etymology is the study of the history of a words usage. It has the historical benefit of demonstrating to us what a word might have meant in a given period. One thing etymologists have discovered, of course, is that words change over time. That is, people apparently use terms in an increasing variety of ways, extending known usages, and coining new usages. Thus, the history of a words usage is not necessarily any help in determining its meaning in a particular context. And certainly it is not the case that the earliest known meaning is the true, real, or, need I say it, root meaning. Gay, for instance, might well have meant happy or carefree in certain places in certain times. It most emphatically does not mean that today in San Francisco. Do not be misled; a happy hour at a gay bar may be a very miserable experience for a heterosexual teetotaler. The biblical interpreter is not particularly interested in what a term may have meant several centuries prior to the time in question. Rather, the biblical interpreter wants to know what range of meaning a term had in the period in question. Etymology is not particularly helpful as a guide to the meaning of a term in any given context. Semantic context is the more reliable guide. 4. Polyvalency You may run across (oops, another use of run) this term from time to time, so you may as well know what it means. Polyvalency refers to the ability of a given term to have a number of meanings in any given historical period. Run is polyvalent. It is important for the interpreter to be aware of the full range of possible meanings of a given word, before determining what it means in its given context. 5. Words and Concepts For the sake of clarity, it is helpful to distinguish between a word and a concept. Most words can be employed to denote a number of concepts, and most concepts can be addressed by using a range of terms. Thus, charis is a word; grace is a concept which can be labeled in a variety of ways. So, if you want to study, The Grace of God in the New Testament, you would certainly include not only a word study of charis, but also passages which refer to Gods gracious activity without employing that particular term. For instance, the parable of the laborers in the vineyard reflects Gods gracious character, as those who come along late in the day receive equal recompense with those who have labored all day. God graciously gives the kingdom not only to the Jews, but also to the Gentiles, who come on the scene a bit late, redemptive-historically speaking. 6. Semantic Minimalism One of the best axioms to apply when attempting to discover the meaning of any given word was first coined by Ferdinand de Saussure and his followers. The best meaning of a given term is the meaning which contributes the least to the overall meaning of the sentence. In most communication acts, we do not load up a given word with a lot of meaning. Rather, we speak in paragraphs and sentences the individual words have little meaning in and of themselves, but much meaning when tied to one another. Many seminarians and preachers seem to be unaware of this, for they frequently interpret the Bible as though its individual words were almost magical, possessing great truths and mysteries in six or seven letters. There are very few technical terms in any language, which are more heavily loaded than most words. Concluding Observations If one were to state briefly the results of linguistic study in the last few generations, one would certainly have to refer to the importance of context. Linguistics has made us repeatedly aware of the fact that the fundamental communicative unit is the sentence, not the word. Individual words, removed from the context of a sentence, rarely communicate effectively. Words strung together, mutually supporting and interpreting one another, can communicate very effectively. For biblical students, this means that we must look at the larger unites of communication (the sentence and paragraph) at least as seriously as we look at individual words. We must be aware of the fact that a given word can signify a number of different things in a number of different contexts. Personally, I would like to see more sermons on whole chapters of scripture, and even on entire books, and fewer sermons on a verse here or there. If a person can produce a single 20-minute distillation of Romans 1-11, he can certainly handle Romans 6:3 when it shows up. If the contextual emphasis of contemporary linguistics can help us see the forest of a biblical book, as opposed to merely the trees of individual words, it will have done us and Gods kingdom a great service. ________________________________________ Dr. T. David Gordon, a native of Richmond, VA, is currently Professor of Religion and Greek at Grove City College in Grove City, PA, where he has served since 1999. Previously, he had taught for thirteen years at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. ________________________________________ TRANSLATION METHODS WORD FOR WORD translation: The SL word order is preserved and the words translated by their most common meanings. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as pre-translation process. LITERAL translation: The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical items are again translated out of context. As pre-translation process, it indicates problems to be solved. FAITHFUL translation: It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer. SEMANTIC translation: It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version. It does not rely on cultural equivalence and makes very small concessions to the readership. While `faithful translation is dogmatic, semantic translation is more flexible. COMMUNICATIVE translation: It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. IDIOMATIC translation: It reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms. FREE translation: It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original. ADAPTATION: This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry: themes, characters, plots preserved, SL culture converted to TL culture and text is rewritten. From A Textbook of Translation by P. Newmark

Glacial History of Mount Hood in Oregon

Glacial History of Mount Hood in Oregon Mount Hood, composed primarily of andesite and dacite, is considered one of the Stratovolcanic Mountain in the Cascade Volcanic Arc in northwest Oregon, in the United States of America; having existed for more than 500,000 years (Wikipedia). It is located about fifty miles east of Portland and thirty-five miles south of the Colombia River,(Oregon encyclopedia) and the fourth highest peak in the Cascade Ranges that extends to about 11,244 feet high, and a prominence of about 7,706 feet and thus considered Oregon’s highest point(Oregon encyclopedia). The Social, Cultural and Environmental Significance of Mt. Hood This mountain has significantly played a rich history in shaping up the geological, historic, cultural and environmental history of North West Oregon and the entire Pacific Northwest. One of the major factors, which have attracted particular attention to the study of this Mountain, are: it’s the rich background of its glacial activity, which has overtime impacted the Oregon society to be considered as a National historic landmark. Some of its renowned historical accounts are its usage in the sporting activities e.g. skiing, and mountain climbing; it has six major ski areas: Timberline, Mount Hood’s Meadows, Ski Bowl, Coopers spur, Snow Bunny and Summit. In addition, it encompasses some of the historic land marks as Timberline Lodge (located in Southern flank of Mount Hood just below Palmer glacier), Mount Hood National Forest. It is also regarded by the Chinookan tribes: Cascade and Molala people as a sacred place for worship, and as a viable source of raw material for their economic activities e.g. basketry weaving industry, fishing, hunting and gathering activities.(orogencyclope) Currently major expeditions are in underway taken by scientist to study its major glacial activities and land features formation e.g. The Snow Dragon Cave, ice caves in Paradise as Johnson puts it that, â€Å"there are some aspects of glacier caves that are interesting as a main subject of study†, () this depicts how avid major activities are undertaken to explore one of the Oregon gigantic mountain. History of the glacial activity In the past 15,000 years, Mount Hood has had at least four major eruptive periods, in which the last three occurred within the past 1,800 years from its vents high on the SW flank, producing volcanic deposits that were distributed primarily to the south and west along the sandy and zigzag river(mountain hood hist). According to one of the European explorer in 1972, Mount Hood is believed to have been triggered by a mild seismic activity, maintaining a consistent summit elevation. This elevation process gradually changed overtime. The estimated elevation of mountain Hood has however varied substantially overtime, despite its physical consistency. () After the periods of seismic action, glacial activities have impacted to a great length, to the shaping up of Mount Hood. Glacier and Glaciations process By definition, a glacier is composed of perennial snow or ice and it moves (orogencyclopedia). It refers to a mass of slowly moving ice or river; that results as an action of compaction or accumulation of snow on mountains or near poles.(dictionary) Glacial activity in Mount Hood has been evident by the existence of crevasses; gaping cracks developing in the ice. This differential movement causes tension. If the tension is more intense than the ice pressure, it results into cracks forming crevasses. (orogenicyclopedia) Glaciers and permanent snow-field majorly found in the many of the western state including: Washington, California, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana and Nevada, commonly located in the high alpine environment of Oregon, covering an area of approximately 42.5 square kilometer and numbers to about 463 glacial and perennial snow fields. (glacierinoregon), The types of glacier in Mount Hood. Glacier in the United States was not known to science, not at least until 1871 when a geological survey expedition, led by Clarence King, who identified glacier on Mt. Shasta in California, nearly almost the same time a team from the King survey, led by Arnold Hague, identified the Sandy glacier on Mt. Hood, during the subsequent periods many other glaciers in Oregon were discovered. Some of the chronological order of these glaciers expeditions discovered is: The Palmer Glacier; was also ones known as Salmon River Glacier; discovered in 1924 on the Eastern side of Hood Mountain, situated in the valley below Triangle Moraine, draining into the Salmon River. Was ones thought to be a snowfield not until 1923-1924 where, crevasses of the glacier were revealed. Zigzag Glacier; drains into the Zigzag River, Lost Creek, and rushing water Creek. It originated in the crater between Crater Rock and Hawkins Cliff below illumination Rock. This was the first Glacier on Mt. Hood to be trod upon the white man when Joel Palmer climbed the slope in 1845. (Mounthood) Reid Glacier; drains into the Sandy River, and found between illumination Ridge and Yocum Ridge. It was named in 1901 for professor Harry Fielding Reid of John Hopkins University; an expert in glaciology who did extensive studies of the White River Glacier. Sandy Glacier; Drains into the Muddy Fork of the Sandy River, located on the West-Northwest side of the Hood Mountain and is rarely seen. Glisan Glaciers; Drains into the McGee Creek. Was named after Rodney L.Glisan and is situated on the Northwest side of the Hood Mountain. Ladd Glacier; it is situated between Cathedral Ridge and Eden Park and drains into Ladd Creek. Ladd Glacier named after William Ladd, one of the builders of Cloud Cap Inn. This glacier was located in the north-northwest side of the Hood Mountain. Coe Glacier; depicted as one of the north flank largest glacier, draining mostly into Coe Creek with some flow into Elk cove. .(USGS.Volcanohazard prog) It was named after the Hood River store keeper and an early developer of the North side area; Henry L.Coe. Coe Glacier is situated below Pulpit Rock and is divided by Horseshoe and Andersons Rock. It is mainly used for irrigation purposes for the productive Hood River Valley fruit orchard, and also for fish habitat. Langille Glacier; located west of Langille Crags and drains into the East Fork of Compass Creek. Eliot Glacier; is one of the largest glacier on the North flank stretching to about 2.5 meters to 3 meters long in Mt. Oregon, draining into Eliot Creek.(USGS.Volcanohazard prog) Was named after an Early north side explorer; Thomas L.Eliot. It is the most spectacular glacier on Mt. Hood; lying, northwest of the summit and can be accessed easily from Cloud Cap Inn. Newton Clark Glaciers; Drains into Newton Creek to the north and Clark Creek on the south with a large moraine between the creeks. It was later then named after a well known Hood River surveyor from the 1800s; Newton Clark and is situated on the Eastside of the summit. White River Glacier; The White River is a branch of the Deschutes River, flowing into it near Tygh Valley. Ever since it was first spotted by the Barlow Party in 1845, it has gradually receded vastly, this is due to the response to volcanic heat exposing steam vents in its early 1900s (orgencyclopedia); these may however pose threats of devastation to the Highway 26 at the White River Bridge, if it will continues to occasionally release packets of retained water. White River Glacier is at the eastside due south of the summit of Hood Mountain, and have its origin in the crater to the east of the Hogsback. Colman Glacier; changes its shape dramatically from a slopping body of ice, down to Hot Rocks, to a 40 feet ice cliff in the same place. Summary Over the last 100,000 years, after the ice cap covering Oregon Cascades from Mt. Jefferson retreated; during the period of the warmer Holocene, resulted into a much smaller glacier as the climate fluctuation caused glacier to wax and wane. Over the past Century glacier have advance and retreat in response to climatic variation specifically Oregon Mountain retreated rapidly from 1900s through the 1950s. During the 1960s and 1970s, the climate cooled a bit and the glacier held their own, with some of them even showing signs of significant adjustments. Retreat did however resume by the 1980s and up to currently still continues. This has totaled to a 34 percentage loss of glacier in Hood Mountain since 1910 statistics.() Mount Hood so far hosted eleven named active glaciers i.e. Zigzag, Reid, Sandy, Glisan, Ladd, Coe, Langille, Eliot, Newton Clark, White River and Colman. The Palmer glacier, initially christened as Solomon Glacier in 1924 didn’t stand the test of time to be regard ed as a snowfield as it had lost enough of its volume and mobility to be categorized in the classes of Mt. Oregon snow field. This Mountain is also regarded as a source of five major Rivers namely: Salmon, Zigzag, Sandy, Hood, and White.(Mt. Hood historyhome.com) References 2015-portland state university and the oregon historical society. (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2015. USGS: Volcano Hazards Program Mount Hood Geology and History. (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2015,

Strategies For Planning Domestic And International Tourism Tourism Essay

Strategies For Planning Domestic And International Tourism Tourism Essay Tourism plays a vital role in economic development between countries. Tourism is the second largest source of foreign exchange in India. The tourism industry employs a large number of people, both skilled and unskilled. It promotes national integration and international brotherhood. India has fascinated people around the world with its secular and its culture. There are historical monuments, beaches, places of religious centers, hill, etc. that attract tourists. Each region is identified with his craft fairs, dances, music and people. The ministries of tourism, promotion of international and domestic tourism in the country. Tourism Advisory Council recommends measures to promote tourist traffic to India. Indian tourism is affected by terrorism, circuits and pollution. Sincere efforts could contribute to further develop the tourism industry of India. Tourism is one of the most dynamic industries in the world. It plays a vital role in economic development between countries. India is one of the popular tourist destinations in Asia. Bounded by the Himalayan ranges in the north and surrounded on three sides by water (the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean), India offers a wide range of places to visit and things to do. The enchanting backwaters, hill stations and landscapes make India a great country. The historical monuments, forts, etc. add to the greatness of the country. They attract tourists from around the world. Tourism is the second largest source of foreign exchange in India. The tourism industry employs a large number of people, both skilled and unskilled. Hostels, travel agencies, transportation, including airlines have a lot of this industry. Tourism promotes national integration and international understanding. It generates foreign exchange. It encourages cultural activities. The tourism sector also promotes traditional crafts. Tourists get a glimpse of rich cultural heritage and diverse India. India has a composite culture. There is a harmonious blend of art, religion and philosophy. The thought of India has suffered a serious invasion; it has retained its originality even after absorbing the best of outside influences. Religions like Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Zoroastrianism, etc. co-existed in India. India has fascinated people around the world with its secular and its culture. The various geographical locations of India have the pleasure of tourists. The monuments, museums, forts, shrines, places of religious interest, palaces, etc. offer a feast for the eyes. Each region is identified by its craft fairs, dances, music and people. Some places that attract many tourists Agr, Jaipur, Jhansi, Hyderabad, Nalanda, Mysore, Delhi, Mahabaleshwar, Aurangabad etc. Haridwar, Ujjain, Shirdi, Varanasi, Allahabad, Puri, Ajmer, Amritsar, Vaishno Devi, Badrinath, Kedarnath, Rameshwaram etc. are places of religious importance. Srinagar, Kullu, Manali, Dehradun, Nainital, Darjeeling, Ooty, etc. are famous hill resorts. The Ministry of Tourism has been formed to promote international and domestic tourism in the country. It provides the infrastructure and implements advertising campaigns. It provides information on the promotion of tourist sites in the world market. The ITO develops policies and programs to promote tourism in India. It has agents in India and abroad. The Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Administration, the National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology, etc. provide staff with training in the industry. Tourism Advisory Council recommends measures to promote tourist traffic to India. It examines tourism trends and proposes appropriate action. Some places, castles and havelis have been converted into heritage hotels. In these hotels, visitors can gain experience of the exotic lifestyle of the bygone era. The exotic palace trains on the wheel, traveling through Rajasthan attracts many foreign tourists. The Indian Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC) organizes entertainment programs such as dances and folk songs, and sales facilities. Today, many private companies like Sita Travels, Club Mahindra etc. and organize domestic tours abroad. With the growth of the urban middle class professional, tourism in India is booming and many states have taken steps to promote tourism. Goa promotes water sports such as sailing, diving and rafting. Kashmir offers the pleasure of winter sports like skiing and mountaineering. Kerala has introduced the concept of craft in its lagoons. Himachal Pradesh has developed winter sports in the state. In 2005, The Indian Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC) has started a campaign called Incredible India to promote tourism in India. For better growth, the Ministry of locations spread across different sections such as spiritual tourism, health tourism, ecotourism and adventure . Things have now started to look bright for the tourism industry of India. However, the Indian tourism industry has been affected by pollution. Effluents emitted by the Mathura refinery led to the decolonization of the Taj Mahal in Agra. The conditions of many of our monuments are deteriorating due to the negligence of the authorities concerned. On the other hand, the beaches have become garbage dumps and waste left by tourists. This problem should be properly monitored. Terrorism is now a global problem. Our country is not an exception. Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir, the Maoist attacks in West Bengal and Bihar, the Bodo agitation in the hilly areas north0eastern greatly affect tourism in our country. Kashmir is the paradise for national and international tourists. Terrorism in this valley not only affects the lives of ordinary people but also tourism, which is very important for the state economy. Measures must be taken by the state government and the central government to prevent this threat. The tourism infrastructure in India would be strengthened. Airports and railway stations should provide information to tourists on the tourist destination. Government-owned hotels should be properly managed. The government should also take steps to maintain the tourist destination. Measures should be taken to restore the former splendor of the monuments. Sincere efforts could contribute to further develop the tourism industry of India. Medical tourism: Today, India is emerging as a favorite spot treatment medal. Our country has experienced remarkable growth in the service of the hospital and well-qualified doctors who not only attracted the patient population of neighboring counties, but also the Middle East and the West. As the concept of medical tourism continues to grow in India, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, with assistance from the Department of Tourism, takes many initiatives to maintain international standards in medical facilities. With some of the best hospitals in the world, Delhi is competing with foreign countries. Although there are countries where critical patients May have to wait for months. But in Delhi, any type of treatment is available promptly. The cost of treatment is significantly lower than those of developed countries. Besides nursing personalized, location is superb Delhi to rejuvenate. Our country also includes the traditional concepts of Ayurveda, Unani and Homeopathy with complementary therapies like yoga, acupuncture and Aroma therapy progress of the healing process. Tour operators are now offering attractive in collaboration with hospitals in the city for vacation in perfect health. Thus the land of Nirvana is the best place for medical treatment (Prof. R.S. Dhillon ,www.rajputbrotherhood.com ). Tourism has been changed to an important social activity in our time. It is indeed a response to the natural need of human curiosity. Tourism, an important human phenomenon is considered in terms of political, social and geographical. Regarding the importance of tourism and tourists in the social destiny, economic countries to recognize and determine the identities of the tourists and also to define the various statistics, many definitions submitted by organizations and international experts. Regarding closed their concepts, it is noted that thousands of people are represented or not recognized as a tourist with a definition. To have a procedure to correct unit through statistics that has an important role in analyzing the issue of tourism and also to plan in tourism, with a perfect definition is considerably more important. (www.epubl.luth.se) Future outlook of the tourism industry: There are three views of future prospects of the tourism industry in the first view of the fundamental changes and are based in the priority as the development of communications with foreign and international d other countries, which stays close to the quality standards, control of health services, improved educational attainment of new transmission and applying more powers of man. In the third point of view of an ideal scenario were designed. By this point of view we have a problem in international communication and having a good starting point, we can see a growth of about 15%. Limitations and problems of tourism development: development of tourism in this province is facing obstacles. Some of these barriers are due to UN Development and moreover it is linked to cultural and social situations that provide the infrastructure for tourism development. Economic factors such as lack of investment, lack of equipment to skilled labor and services are the fundamental obstacles for tourism development (Pender, L. 1999). The assumption that all tourists have a negative impact and harmful to society and culture, has negative effects on thought and traditions of society and this idea has been evaluated by a psychologist, a sociologist and expert. It is confirmed that the economy with a single product will be very low production and use. It will cause a lack of success in selling domestic products to foreign markets. Export promotion as tourism development needs of cultural, social and economic. Meanwhile, lack of equipment and services will impact on many UN Development. In Eastern countries, the social and mental problems can be solved and solutions to economic barriers need more time. Economical barriers to tourism development are the same obstacles to economic development in the country. Problems of privatization, the limits of the funds market, lack of marketing strategies and export some of the problems of tourism development. Economic stability is the sub-category of political and social stabilit y (Parsaiyan, A. and S.M Aarabi, 2003). One of the main equipment and key in planning studies in all economic, social and cultural have an important role in statistics and information. The political instability of Tourism: Tourism has been drawn as very important economic factor effective in recent years. Transport problems: Ways condition is one factor in the effective development of tourism in each region. Thus, investment is very important and necessary. Lack of publicity and problems Official: Due to the lack of publicity, tourists are not informed on the major tourist attractions. Display advertising and broach, multilingual tour guide, books and CDs, Web sites can help develop tourism effectively. The problems and shortages of hotels, motels, tourist facilities in the province: Lack of cheap hotels that causes a lot of tourists is a very brief stay in India. This problem also causes the dissatisfaction of tourists. Unfamiliarity with the tourism industry: the negative assumptions of certain people and government managers, lack of training and an appropriate public announcement are some of the problems of tourism. (Lavasani, A., 1985). Shortage of skilled manpower: Shortage of skilled workforce in the government and private sectors is one of the major problems of tourism. Most people who work these jobs are not trained or specialty is not related to employment. Lack of knowledge on cultural heritage, handicrafts, traditions and attractions on tourism in the province of India is not developed and there is only little material around them. These zones are not ready to receive tourists, and because not to participate in tourism markets, they lack the opportunities to advertise on their cultural, historical, religious, and attractions crafts in other countries. Obstacles tourism and major problems: the problem of tourism and the obstacles of India province: No short-term and long term tourism master plan ,low investment in tourism projects , existence of a decision taken by several organizations ,lack of division between private and governmental duties of , lack of consideration to rebuild the tourist attractions of the province of India ,no advertising tourist attractions ,Lack of new techniques for advertising as Web sites, online booking ,lack of training for the workforce in the tourism industry ,lack of enforcement and regulations supportive of 10 lack of equipment and facilities ,no tourist services quality ,negative case on the tourism industry ,lack of consideration of the needs of tourists ,lack of publicity for local people on the importance of tourism ,existence many problems for the $ 16 insufficient consideration to sources present, tourism attractions and local and national tourism development tourist attraction in the provinc e of India has attracted local tourists and many countries. Tourism needs development, development of domestic tourism, planning and implementation of advertising programs designed to motivate travel in Indian and international tourists. This implementation will lead to the development of domestic tourism and pave the way for the participation of local investment in tourism projects (Lee, J. 1999). Development of religious tourism: it is best to attract foreign tourists from Muslim countries as we have many cultural similarities and there are lots of interests between religion and neighboring countries and the Persian Gulf. As religious tourism, and the Holy Temple and the mosque has a large role in the development of tourism. Marketing in the tourism destination country according to national standards tourism master plan for India: If the government wants to advertise tourist attractions in different markets, they must invest a lot of money on the spread, and could not be considered profitable by the ideas of some managers. It is preferable to invest in the country of destination tourism as cultural relations and similarities nation. To find new tourism markets, the interests of the nation show examined and studied and depending on the outcome of the options should be selected. Considering the tourism industry as an effective if the decision does not consider tourism as an important industry, if this product like other sectors will have the production areas of distribution, marketing and consumption. Marketing must invest and advertising attractions, culture and civilization. It should be considered as tourism in this destination for which a group of people has been designed, because there is a direct rel ationship between motivation and income. Develop communication with international tourism organizations and participate in conferences and specialized these days, seminars entering the international market require direct cooperation with the international network markets. Therefore, the government and the private tourism sector should be close cooperation with international organizations. To develop tourism, people working in state and private sectors must participate in specialized conferences and seminars to further their knowledge (Mahalati, S. 2001). People and local associations should be familiar with the tourism industry, and they must know the personal benefits and national tourism, and when they are informed, they will preserve the sights and they contribute to tourism development. Tourism is an industry that does not belong to a group or part of the city. Total, cooperation of people is necessary, and many general managers, companies and organizations engaged in tourism, directly or indirectly, if the tourism organization should inform the participation activity. The training of persons working in the tourism industry (hotels, motels ) manpower training is necessary because every tourist has his own interest, so people working in hotels, restaurants, rest areas tourism must learn their training. They should behave politely with tourism, because the good behavior of people working in the tourism section is very effective for the satisfaction of tourists. Training of skilled manpower, specialized training and educated workforce can promote tourism and an expert can properly investigate and find weaknesses in tourism services. Strategies to give value to religious, cultural, historical and ecotourism attractions for tourism development Increase the length of stay of touristà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s strategy to provide value is to suggest ways and new solutions to increase the length of stay of tourists. It must be studied on ways to make travel more diverse tourists and make it more interesting for them, because tourism is not only visit the tourist attractions and return to the hotel. Give the variety of tourism activities and the proliferation of sources of tourism will bring tourists back to this destination. Retrieve and create tourist attractions using the capabilities of tourism potential and equipment properly, and the creation of new tourism areas will pave the way for the visiting tourists. Attractions should be kept well to receive tourists for years. (Mak, J. 2004)

Women in Anglo-Saxon England Essay -- English Literature Essays

Women in Anglo-Saxon England Anglo-Saxon literature was based on Germanic myths about battles, heroes, diseases, dragons and religion. Writers did not pay much attention to female issues, and there are only few poems that talk about them. Beowulf and â€Å""The Wife’s Lament"† are two examples that briefly consider women’s lives in that time. Anglo-Saxon history and poetry portray women’s lives as uneasy and dependent on their husbands’ positions. Women had to endure arranged marriages, abuse and male dominance. Marriage meant very much to women particularly for their status and economic security. In the medieval era, people wed within their class and only a slave could sometimes find his match and marry for true love. Wars and family feuds forced females to play the role of peace-weavers. They were often married to their family’s enemy to make a truce between warring tribes. The poem â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† is about a woman who, at one time, apparently, was a peace-weaver. The wife and her husband are separated against her will; she feels very unhappy and lonely. The husband has committed a murder and then has abandoned her: â€Å"I am overcome with longing. These dales are dark, and hills high, bitter bulwarks ever grown with briers, a joyless dwelling. Here very often my lord’s going away has wrenched me† (102). In Anglo-Saxon England, a marriage did not mean happiness or love. It put women in a very tough position since they had to assume the role of p eace-weavers and to unite two families that hated one another. In many cases men treated women as sexual objects and did not respect them. In Anglo-Saxon England, there was a law called wergild, which meant â€Å"man price.† When someone got ki... ... is aware of her sexuality and sovereignty over men. I think that her character is controversial even though I think that she is a great woman and deserves credit for her actions. Citations Abrams M. H, et al. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 7th ed. New York: W. Norton & Company, 2000. Fell, Christine. Women in Anglo-Saxon England and the Impact of 1066. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984. Catholic Encyclopedia. Online. October 24, 2000. http://www.newadvent.org Harvard University. Online. October 24, 2000. http://www.icg.fas.Harvard Luminarium Organization. Online. October 22, 2000. http://www.britannia.com/history/biographies/guinever.html http://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/subjects/women/women.html http://www.r3.org/life/articles/women.html http://www.luminarium.org/medlit/chaucer.htm http://www.infoplease.com

Hamlet - The Imbalance of the Idealistic Mind and Human Nature Essay

Hamlet - The Imbalance of the Idealistic Mind and Human Nature  Ã‚   It is often heard: Nobody is Perfect. This phrase is often used as a rationalization of foolish human mistakes that could have been prevented.   However, this statement has a much more profound significance. It contains an important lesson that guides or rather should guide people through life.   By admitting that nobody is perfect, the individual demonstrates a deeper understanding of the human nature and inner self. This knowledge is essential to the individual's creation of healthy relationships with one's surrounding.   For as Robert A. Johnson asserts in his book, He, "perfection or a good score is not required; but consciousness is"(76).   In William Shakespeare's play, Hamlet, the main character experiences enormous inner turmoil, for he fails to acknowledge the human tendency for imperfection, or more strongly emphasizing, the human proneness to err.   With his idealistic perception of the world crushed by his father's death and the incestuous remarriage of his glor ified mother, Hamlet unconsciously throws himself into a reality, in which he develops a deep resentment for humanity, and more specifically, for his mother, Queen Gertrude.   His frustrating disorientation and misunderstanding of his situation is not brought upon by the repressed sexual desires gaining control of Hamlet's mind, as Sigmund Freud would have it (119), however, it is, perhaps, the necessity, forcing him to abandon his security, that causes Hamlet to become paralyzed in his "meditation of inward thoughts"(Coleridge 95), thus, precluding his ability to act upon his deepest desire to avenge the wrongs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When King Hamlet, Prince Hamlet's father, was still alive, the prince... ... now; if it be not now/ yet it [will] come - the readiness is all. Since no man, of/ aught he leaves, knows what is't to leave betime, let be"(5, II, 202-206), Hamlet demonstrates he's newly found understanding as well as contentment with his self, for he has come to terms with the non-idealistic world and reached "tao, the middle way"(Johnson 38).   Through accepting his new identity as it should be in the context of the whole universe, the prince stopped attempting to find everything its place, but rather he allows for the natural order to occur.   Accordingly, he is able reason and act in harmony with his mind, for he has reached the Grail Castle, the "inner reality, a vision, poetry, a mystical experience, and it can not be found in any outer place"(Johnson 56). Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. David Bevington. New York: Longman,1997.

Trade in the 19th-21st Century

IntroductionExplain how the function of the Mercantilism pattern between 1500-to the late 1700s century has influence the International Trade Theories in the 19Thursday-21stcentury. ( one page )â€Å"Mercantilism† A school of economic idea developed in 16th-and 17th-century England, mercantile system argued that a state ‘s primary economic aim should be the accomplishment of a trade excess with the associated influx of gold. The cardinal thought was that trade was a zero-sum game and that a state could accumulate gold through a balance-of-trade excess merely at the disbursal of another state. ( Bowles, Paul, 2009 ) . Mercantilism had really of import influence to the organisation of Britain’s trade with other states particularly with its settlements. And there were assortment of rules for illustration, curtailing to provide the natural stuffs for Britain’s mill and prohibiting competed with some sorts of goods. The intent of mercantile system is to advance the economic strength of female parent state and acquire a trade excess. However, Adam Smith thought that mercantile system is incorrect. He believed free trade policy was better than mercantile system. In add-on to David Hume wrote essay â€Å" Of the Balance of Trade † ( 1752 ) suggestion that the balance of trade excess would take to domestic monetary value degree unstable. And, he developed early measure theory of money. In the mid- 18Thursdaycentury, hence, mercantile system had been proved unreasonable and was replaced by the theory of comparative advantage and the industry benefits from free trade that developed by David Ricardo. In 1840s, Mercantilism was eliminated and free trade and comparative advantage as the new economic policy for the economic system. Although free trade had become the chiefly theory in economic system, protectionist policies returned because of the economic catastrophe in the 1930s. Even Keynes believed that increasing the money supply could better domestic goods. Therefore mercantile system had new followings and so called â€Å"Neomercantilism† . Particularly in 1940 period East Asia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan – and in the 1990s and early twenty-first century, China – had taken the policies of â€Å" neomercantilist. † That enabled the East Asiatic economic systems to acquire quickly growing over a long period which impacted many other developing states, for illustration, Latin America, to take the same economic policies â€Å" neomercantilist † .Examinewhy states engage in tradeand the benefits of specialisation and trade between states.Nowadays, international trade is play a polar function in maintaining economic addition. People the universe over have profited tremendo usly from the cooperation across it, for illustration, developed states get inexpensive labour and big market, and developing states get engineering and increasing populating standing. It is win-win state of affairs. There are assortment of benefits for both states in footings of economic and societal advancement. For economic system, particularly for free trade, there are many states benefits from this economic policies such as Latin American state, Brazil, Chile, where fiscal and free trade has quickly change their economic system. First, free trade could better the life standing of domestic citizens. Several surveies has indicated successful trade could enable people out of poorness. Through free trade, by constructing an unfastened market, could profit for local economic because of the financess of international investing and trade. And there is possible chances to construct new industries and pull new engineerings. In add-on to which could make employee chances. Second, free trade besides can make a more competitory environment which really of import for development of domestic economic system for case China, duty rate â€Å"highest value over the past 19 old ages was 40.75 in 1992, while its lowest value was 7.69 in 2010.† ( China – Duty rate, indexmundi.com ) . During 18 o ld ages developing, the GDP of China had addition quickly. Of class, the increasing of GDP in China is the consequence of many factors while diminishing the duty rate and the barriers of import play a cardinal function for it. In fact, the political ground non merely find the economic system but besides the populating criterion of people. For societal advancement, by free trade, in one regard which can increase the financess for society, in other regard, the authorities can utilize the financess to put substructure and instruction. Equally far as we know, the societal advancement should establish on the fiscal development.When you sit down for your eventide repast attempt to gauge the figure of people andminutessthatare required to convey your repast to you-be as sidelong inventive and every bit specific as possible.Tonight, my flushing repast was rice and fish which made by myself. For rice, purchase it from supermarket, which is imported from Thailand. In Thailand, the rice need factors of merchandises to bring forth, which include husbandman, seeds, land and capital goods. First, husbandmans need purchase seeds from retail of seed and capital goods, in this measure, the store need staff to sell the seeds and capital goods. During period clip, the rice is produced which need to present to factory to treat and pack a nd so sell to wholesaler. Second, the employee of council would oversee the quality of rice whether fulfill the nutrient criterion. Wholesaler need staff to sell the rice to retail and supermarket. In the last measure, supermarket, need staff for illustration teller to sell the rice. For fish, it was imported from Australia. First measure, catching the fishes in the ocean. During this procedure, need person drive the boat and staff to catch the fishes. Second measure, presenting the fish to the mill. In this measure, the mill need staff to treat the fish, and packing. Third measure, export the fish to New Zealand, in this measure, the staff of imposts would oversee the quality of the fish. The forth measure, selling the fishes to the retail and the supermarket. And in this measure, need driver to transport the fish to supermarket. The last measure, in the supermarket, merely like the rice, need staff to shop and sell the fish. I cooked the rice and fish by the electric cooker. For the electric cooker, I think that more complicated than rice and fish. First measure, the mill demand to by the constituent which the made by natural stuffs, for illustration, plastic and metal. Both natural stuffs need to delve from land, in this procedure, need tonss of people to make it. In the 2nd measure, doing the natural stuffs into constituents. The 3rd measure, selling and presenting the constituents to the mills that make the electric cooker. The forth measure, the staff of mill industry the electric cooker. The 5th measure, selling and presenting the merchandises to the retail and supermarket. It seems that is a really simple eventide repasts, but behind it there are many people to work and bring forth, which is the amazing of trade and economic. And the most of import portion of the procedure, making many chances and financess. And it is power for development of society. Q2 Trade construction of your chosen statesAnalysisAustralia is an Oceanian state consisting the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and legion smaller islands ( Australia, en.wikipedia.org ) , in the South hemisphere. New Zealand is in the South hemisphere every bit good, hence, both states have the similar clime and agribusiness construction. However, the land country of Australia is 7,692,024 sq.km. larger than New Zealand land country 268021 sq.km. about 29 times. Australia’s GDP is 1560.60 USD, one million millions. New Zealand’s GDP is 182.59 USD, one million millions, in 2013, about 8.6 times. Australia is a affluent state ; it generates its income from assorted beginnings including mining-related exports, telecommunications, banking and fabrication. ( Australia, en.wikipedia.org ) . Because of affluent mineral resource particularly iron mine in Australia, hence mining-related exports has big proportion in its export. And she has really clo sely economic relation with China, every twelvemonth, China would import big Numberss of Fe mine signifier Australia. Turn to New Zealand, because of the land country is little and low population lead to domestic consume does non plenty, hence, international trade of New Zealand is really of import in its economic construction, peculiarly for agricultural merchandises. Exports has big proportion that is 24 per centum of its end product, which doing New Zealand vulnerable to international goods monetary values and planetary economic. And, because of agribusiness land is affluent so, the nutrient merchandises is the most important portion of its exports in 2014, doing up 55 % of the value. Because of the affluent forest resource, Wood is the 2nd largest merchandises ( 7 % ) in New Zealand. New Zealand is good know because of the film The Lord Of Rings and its beautiful environment. Therefore Tourism plays a important function in New Zealand ‘s economic system, lending $ 15.0 billion to New Zealand’s entire GDP and back uping 9.6 per centum of the entire work force in 2010. ( New Zealand, en.wikipedia.org ) . Every twelvemonth, there are tonss of international visitants to New Zealand to see the astonishing landscape, and the figure of visitants are expected to increase at 2.5 per centum yearly up to 2015. Therefore, the service industry is the largest industry in the New Zealand economic system, the 2nd one is fabricating and building and so farming and natural stuff.Datas tabular arrayData tabular array must include the undermentioned information in 2013: Table 1: Basic economic indexs and trade construction of state Australia and New Zealand in 2013AustraliaNew ZealandLand country ( sq.km. )7,692,024Land country ( sq.km )268021GDP ( current USD, one million millions )1560.60GDP ( current USD, one million millions )182.59GNI per capita ( current USD )43084.90GNI per capita ( current USD )32768Entire Trade ( X+M ) ( current USD, 1000000s )-661Entire Trade ( X+M ) ( current USD, 1000000s )473Entire exports ( current USD, 1000000s )10484Entire exports ( current USD, 1000000s )3969Entire Import ( current USD, 1000000s )11145Entire Import ( current USD, 1000000s )3223Trade to GDP ratio i % i?†°0.04Trade to GDP ratio i % i?†°0.26Share of exports ( % )Agricultural MerchandisesAgricultural MerchandisesFuels and excavation merchandisesFuels and excavation merchandisesIndustriesIndustriesShare of Imports ( % )Agricultural MerchandisesAgricultural MerchandisesFuels and excavation merchandisesFuels and excavation merchandisesIndustriesIndustries Q3 Explain the theory Analysis of absolute advantage of Australia and New Zealand Absolute advantage is a state is said to hold an absolute advantage over another state in the production of a good or service if it can bring forth that good or service ( the ‘‘output’’ ) utilizing fewer existent resources ( like capital or labour, the ‘‘inputs’’ ) . Equivalently, utilizing the same inputs, the state can bring forth more end product. ( Van M. , Charles, 2009 ) To better the rule of absolute advantage, premise that there are two states ( the Australia and New Zealand ) bring forthing four agribusiness merchandises ( Meat, poulet, wheat, soya beans and tomatoes ) , and the labour is the lone factors of merchandises. Suppose that merchandises for illustration, soya beans can be traded without costs and labours are stable in the two states. All employee in Australia or New Zealand have the same productive. However, production engineering in Australia different from that in the New Zealand. Suppose that Australia requires four units of labour to bring forth one unit of wheat, nevertheless the New Zealand requires merely need three units of labour. As the same as above, Australia merely needs five units of labour to bring forth one unit of tomatoes, while the New Zealand needs seven units of employee. Because Australia is more efficient to bring forth tomatoes and the New Zealand is more efficient to bring forth wheat. So, there is decision, Aus tralia has an absolute advantage to bring forth tomatoes and the New Zealand has an absolute advantage to bring forth wheat. Because of absolute advantage that enable both states gain advantages in trading. And this is why there is tendency specialisation of production in planetary economic system. Just reference above in illustration premise that the Australia produces less wheat than New Zealand. If Australia frees up several units of labour from wheat to bring forth tomatoes, hence, Australia can now to bring forth more units of tomatoes ( chance cost of wheat production in the Australia ) . The Australia has now produced less wheat and more unite tomatoes. If premise that the Australia still need to devour the same units of wheat as earlier. It must import more wheat from New Zealand. To bring forth wheat New Zealand needs more units of employee. These employee should come from the tomatoes industry, therefore the production of tomatoes in New Zealand will drop. ( chance costs of tomatoes production in New Zealand ) . At last, the entire production of wheat keep the same, while the entire production of tomatoes has increased. These excess units of tomatoes is the additions from specialisation if both states focus on the production that they produce most expeditiously. This is win-win state of affairs. Datas Table Data tabular array must include the undermentioned information in 2013 0r 2014i?s Production: Four selected agricultural merchandises of India and Hungary in 2013 or 2014AustraliaNew ZealandMerchandiseEntire production ( tone )Output ( kg/hectare )Entire production ( tone )Output ( kg/hectare )PistachiosPistachiosAlmondsAlmondsBananasBananasCassavaCassavaQ4 Comparativeadvantage Explain the Theory Application and Analysis of comparative advantage of Australia and New Zealand The theory of comparative advantage is an economic theory about the possible additions from trade for persons, houses, or states that arise from differences in their factor gifts or technological advancement. ( Comparative advantage, en.wikipedia.org ) There are two states in the information tabular array, Australia and New Zealand, which produce four agribusiness merchandises chicken, wheat, soya beans and tomatoes. To exemplify the theory merely choose two merchandises, ? ? and? ? . For illustration, in Australia, it can bring forth? ? one unit of? ? by utilizing 10 units of labour to bring forth, or bring forth 4/5 units of? ? . And, in New Zealand could bring forth one unit of? ? by utilizing 9 units of labour, or bring forth 5/4 units of? ? . Therefore, New Zealand has an absolute advantage in bring forthing? ? because of fewer units of labour, while Australia has a comparative advantage because of lower chance cost. Suppose that absence of trade between two states, Australia need 20 units of labours to bring forth one unit? ? and one unit? ? , meanwhile New Zealand need 17 unites to bring forth the same units. If each state focal point on the agribusiness which it has a comparative advantage, the consequence is both merchandises increases, for Australia can pass all units of labour to bring forth? ? and New Zealand can pass all units to bring forth? ? . So, the entire merchandise measure addition. And base on the free trade, both states exchange one unit? ? and one unit? ? . Except consume the same units merchandise as earlier, there still staying more units of merchandises. Datas Table Data tabular array must include the undermentioned information in 2013 0r 2014i?s Production: Four selected agricultural merchandises of India and Hungary in 2013 or 2014IndiaHungaryMerchandisePrice per unitiUSDPrice per unit, USDPistachiosPistachiosAlmondsAlmondsBananasBananasCassavaCassavaQ5 Factor gift, trade and income distributionHecksher-Ohlin ( H-O ) theoretical accountExplain the Theory Application and Analysis of H-O theoretical account for India and Hungary Data tabular array Data tabular array must include the undermentioned information in 2013 Factor gift and form of trade of India and Hungary in 2013 or 2014IndiaHungaryFactorsFactorsAgricultural Land ( million hectares )Agricultural Land ( million hectares )Agricultural Land ( % of land countryAgricultural Land ( % of land countryLabour ( 1000000s )Labour ( 1000000s )Capital ( UDS, 1000000s )Capital ( UDS, 1000000s )Four major exported MerchandisesFour major exported MerchandisesFour major exported MerchandisesFour major exported MerchandisesPistachiosPistachiosAlmondsAlmondsBananasBananasCassavaCassavaStolper-Samuelson ( S-S ) theoretical accountExplain the theory Application and Analysis of S-S theoretical account for India and Hungary Student should utilize information old informations tabular array to reply this portion. Q6 Context of new trade theoriesEconomic of ScaleExplain the theory Application and Analysis of economic of graduated table for India and Hungary Datas tabular array Data tabular array must include the undermentioned information in 2013 0r 2014i?s Domestic ingestion and export: Four selected agricultural merchandises of India and Hungary in 2013 or 2014IndiaHungaryMerchandiseDomestic ingestion ( tone )Exports ( tone )Domestic ingestion ( tone )Exports ( tone )PistachiosPistachiosAlmondsAlmondsBananasBananasCassavaCassavaImperfect competition and market powerExplain the theory Application and Analysis of imperfect competition and market power power of four top bring forthing states on one selected agricultural merchandise Datas tabular array Data tabular array must include the undermentioned information in 2013 One selected agricultural merchandise in 2013 or 2014Agricultural merchandise name:Top four producing/exporting statesVolume of production ( tone )Share of universe production ( % )PistachiosAlmondsBananasCassava Mention Bowles, Paul. ( 2009 ) .The Princeton Encyclopedia of the World Economy: Essaies from the Business And Economics — Economic Situation And Conditions, , ( pp.757-759 ) . Princeton, Princeton University Press. Van M. , Charles. ( 2009 ) . Absolute advantage: Essaies from the Business And Economics — Economic Situation And Conditions, ( pp.1-3 ) . Princeton, Princeton University Press. World Trade Organization. ( 2015 ) . Retrieved from 1 April, 2015, from Wikipedia: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization China – Duty rate. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.indexmundi.com/facts/china/tariff-rate Australia. ( 2015 ) . Retrieved from 28 April, 2015, from Wikipedia hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia New Zealand. ( 2015 ) . Retrieved from 28 April, 2015, from Wikipedia hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand # Economy Comparative advantage. ( 2015 ) . Retrieved from 11 April, 2015, from Wikipedia hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_advantage # Ricardo.27s_example